Late Qing
Posted in Antiques on 12/15/2010 09:38 am by adminWhat problems did the late qing reform government face?
Please help
REASONS FOR THE FAILURE OF THE LATE MANCHU (Qing) REFORM
A. General factors
i. The weak financial conditions of the Qing dynasty - From 1900 to 1911, government spending doubled, but income remained more or less unchanged. As a result, the Qing dynasty found it increasingly difficult to carry out long-term reform projects. For example, the system of law courts reaching down to the districts was not completed because of inadequate money.
ii. The deep social and cultural conservatism of the people - Conservative opposition to the reform was most serious in matters like legal changes. When a modern law code was introduced by the Ch'mg government, Confucian scholars accused it of violating Confucian family morality. Consequently, law codes had to be revised again and again before they could be used.
iii. The lack of co-ordination between the reform efforts - This was because Peking's political control over the provinces was not firm enough.
iv. The harmful effects of foreign economic exploitation and foreign imperialism - The Boxer indemnity, for example, cost much of China's money that could otherwise be used for reform.
B. Specific factors
i. Educational reform created patriotic students and intellectuals who were dissatisfied with and opposed to the Manchu rule. These students and intellectuals promoted or joined revolutionary activities that finally overthrew the Qing dynasty in 1911-12.
ii. Political reform did not produce loyal Chinese subjects. Constitutional and representative rule led only to further political decentralization, as the politically conscious and selfish scholar-gentry established strong local-provincial interests against the dynasty. In 1911-12, the provinces declared independence from the Manchu court one after another. iii. Military reform led to the establishment of, not loyal troops for the dynasty's protection, but regional military forces practically independent of Peking's control. In the end, the Qing dynasty had to abdicate in 1912 because these regional military forces did not support the Manzhus.
C. Other minor factors
- The insincerity of the Empress Dowager in promoting reform.
- The lack of really able officials to carry out the reform, after reformers like Li Hung-chang and Chang Chih-tung passed away in the early 1900s.
- The growth of revolutionary activities.
D. Conclusion:
The Late Qing Reform failed because the reform measures led to developments that in the end weakened or even helped overthrow the Qing dynasty. By 1911, the Manchu dynasty was isolated from all support. The overseas students, the modern intellectuals, the localprovincial scholar-gentry, and the new armies -- all of whom the dynasty helped produce -- were all disloyal to the dynasty. The Manzhus had tried to work out a new basis of rule over a modern China from 1901 to 1911. They failed, as it was too late to do so, and the dynasty collapsed in 1911-12. [Go Top]
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EFFECTS OF THE LATE MANCHU REFORM
http://www.thecorner.org/hist/china/lqreform.htm
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